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Published: 21 August 2019

Right of Refusals may no longer be Alright.

Once again, the Iowa Court of Appeals has ruled that a right of first refusal is not valid if it is not dealt with in some manner. While the court of Appeals isn’t binding on the entire state, it is persuasive authority and helps shape the legal landscape. This will come as a surprise to those who negotiated a right to purchase back a farm sold in the 1980s farm crisis or those who have entered into agreements for purchase rights as part of an estate plan or those who have an estate plan with a right contained in it.

It is wise to blow the dust off those documents and make sure what you think you have is what you really have for rights to purchase. Essentially, the court is saying that Iowa Code prevents the use of any right of refusal that is more than 10 years old unless a timely written statement of extension is in the county court house records. That is simply not possible in many cases where the parent died a long time ago and left the property to non-farming children, subject to the farm child’s right to purchase if the non-farming kids ever wanted to sell. It throws a number of things into uncertainty and may be a “gotcha” moment for the patient, displaced, former property owner who is waiting to see if once again they can reclaim what they have lost.

Right to Farm Laws don’t really mean you have a RIGHT to farm even if you are doing it right.

States have tried to address the conflict between urban development and ag uses for many decades. The fix was to enact “right to farm” statutes protecting a farm’s right to operate with the attendant naturally occurring sights, smells, and sounds. At this point, every state has some version of a right to farm law.

Right-to-Farm laws attempt to prevent nuisance lawsuits against farms that follow all laws and practices best for ag and who beat the complaining neighbor by being first to the party (I.e. the farm was there first Iowa’s statute specifically states that the purpose of the law is to prevent farmers who properly operate their farms from defending themselves from nuisance lawsuits. Iowa has a very tough standard on actually getting to invoke the right to farm defense compared to other states. Despite being an Ag state, the law, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, is not a robust shield for farmers, but rather narrow set of events that if followed may provide some protection. Some legal scholars have remarked that perhaps Iowa has one of the most non farmer friendly interoperation of right to farm laws.

Critics claim these laws hurt non-farm operator property owners by denying non-farm operators the right to use and enjoy their land.  This issue is not going away. Every state has had their right to farm laws tested in various manners. It is not an open and shut case by any means. This uncertainty isn’t good for ag as operations get larger and less people have a connection to ag, the amount of risk goes up and as risk goes up, the cost of managing that risk goes up as well.

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Published: 19 July 2019

Yes, tax season is snow storms, turkey dinner and college bowl games away, but having an eye on the tax prize in July can yield benefits in the winter months ahead.

Some facts to consider, while the audit rate at 0.59%, certain actions can increase that chance of getting the governments all seeing eye pointed at your return.

1. Higher than average deductions are a warning sign. Considering that people are now considering clustering charitable giving in order to beat the standard deduction, it almost feels like donations amped up to get past the standard deduction will equal increased scrutiny. Further, donating more that $500 of non-cash items means having to fill out an extra form, which is more work for the tax payer and makes the tax return more expensive to prepare in most cases. Some donations will require appraisals (which is not new). This year the amount of charitable giving claimed on tax returns fell substantially as the standard deduction was doubled.
2. Small businesses with over $100,000 in gross income with large write offs for meals, transportation, travel and 100% use of a vehicle for business purposes are likely targets for audits to support the claims.

Businesses that show losses for a number of years, especially for farm, hobby like businesses and real estate ventures are perpetual targets of increased review. Farm operations should do everything possible to show a tax return once every five years with a positive net income or be prepared to show how the farm operation is truly its own enterprise and not just a tax shelter for off farm income. Those with letters behind their names at work should take note, whether those letters are J.D, M.D, CFP C.P.A, or D.O.

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Published: 09 July 2019

Despite the alarming number reported in the media, Chapter 12 bankruptcy is not on the increase, yet. The reported 75% increase in Chapter 12 Bankruptcy filings was 2 more filings than this time last year. While farm bankruptcy numbers aren’t up, those operating in the shadow of bankruptcy continue grow. The shadows are where things aren’t to litigation yet, but it is clear absent joint action, litigation is likely.

When it is clear that an operation cannot make scheduled payments? It is time to talk to the lender, not on the due date when it is clear that the payment can’t be made. The topics that need to be addressed and considered are

1. What is the financial condition now and what are its prospects going forward?
2. What is the physical inventory and value of the assets of the operation with realistic numbers at a liquidation value (understanding that a creditor may apply a 50% or greater discount from what Fair Market Value might be on TractorHouse or BigIron to account for the costs of liquidation)?
3. What is the tax implication of accelerating sales or the sale of capital assets like equipment and land?
4. What is broke in the operation or the conditions that lead us here?
5. What can be fixed in the operation?

Those are the broad-based principles that need to be considered. In the application of these questions, the operation should consider the cash flow for each enterprise (grain, livestock. custom work) and identify what operation is stealing revenue and which ones are generating revenue. Interfamily operations should also be examined. Is the operation subsidizing a brother, a child, a parent’s operation intentionally or unintentionally? Consideration to the impact of missing your payment on their ability to continue is critical.

What is a reasonable ask to the creditor? While it is fact intensive and based on the prior performance of the relationship, creditors can make some concessions where it is appropriate. Things like, removal of delinquency fees and interest, re-amortization of debt over a longer period to reduce payments, foregoing collection activity for a set time period or agreeing to allow another creditor to step in “in front of” the creditor to provide operating capital to generate funds to pay the original creditor are all possibilities.

From the creditor’s prospective, they are concerned about ensuring they have their “ducks” in a row regarding financing documents and once they are secured in that regard, they generally seek the best opportunity to achieve the most recovery in the shortest time possible with the least amount of effort and capital spent to recover the asset. Almost always, the creditor will require a release indicating that the borrower isn’t going to receive concessions from the creditor and then turn around and sue them for violations banking law. This is not an indication that the creditor did something wrong, it’s just a wise business practice. Remembering that it is business and not personal is essential to a successful discussion with the creditor.

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Published: 09 July 2019

You have 100% chance of dying, we all do. Having a discussion while you are able to communicate your wants, needs, and desires with those who might be asked to make those decisions is as important as establishing a succession plan or making sure Aunt Millie’s china never falls into the hands of a Cardinals fan.

Communication about your own desires and what type of medical and emergency treatment you want, can relieve the confusion and anxiety that comes with a medical emergency for both yourself and all involved. Your age when you have this conversation is immaterial. People 18years old-88 years old should be able to discuss their thoughts on life changing events and how they desire them to be handled and who makes those decisions.

According to an AARP Survey, “More than 90 percent of people think that it is important to have conversations about end-of-life care with their loved ones, yet less than 30 percent have done so. Similarly, 70 percent of people say they want to die at home, but in reality, 70 percent die in hospitals or institutions."

Conversations between family members can help individuals understand and participate in the process. It will not be an easy conversation. It should not be started after the plates are cleared and before desert is served at the next family event. Here are some relevant things to kick around and discuss.

• When you think about the dying because of a terminal illness or slowly progressing issue, what's most important to you? How would you like this phase to be?
• Do you have any particular concerns about your health?
• What events do you need to get in order, or talk to your loved ones about? (personal finances, property, relationships)? Who is on the team, CPA, Lawyer, Investment advisor, land manager, real estate agent, etc.?
• When was the last time the will was reviewed.?
• Where are your documents to be found? Does somebody know how to get access to them keys, combinations, etc.?
• Who do you want (or not want) to be involved in your care? Do the health care and general powers of attorney reflect who you want making decisions for you if you cannot?
• How much deference to doctors do you want given when their recommendation contradicts your earlier directives?
• Where are the hang fires? I.e. disagreements or family tensions that you're concerned about? If something is brewing, action while you have say in it might be a better course of conduct.
• Where do you want (or not want) to receive care (Home, nursing facility, hospital)? A nursing home administrator once shared with me that the worst directive is to tell your children you never want to go to a nursing home. The guilt complex it can create on an already stressful time of transition is immense. Everybody would prefer die at home, sometimes that is simply not feasible, practical, or considerate to the members of the family.
• Are there kinds of treatment you would want (or not want)? (resuscitation if your heart stops, breathing machine, feeding tube). When would it be OK to shift from a focus on curative care to a focus on comfort care alone?

This type of discussion is a gift to give your loved ones and the ones you are asking to make decisions for you when you cannot. It will bring peace of mind and comfort for family to know that the decisions they may have to make are what you would want them to do for you.